When the English pressed the attack on the citadel, however, they were repulsed. Norreys then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo. On May 4, the English force eventually arrived at Corunna where the lower town was captured and plundered, and a number of merchant ships were seized. Drake, as a result, had to bypass Santander where the majority of the Spanish fleet were being refitted.

The English fleet departed fromВ PlymouthВ onВ April 13 but was then delayed for nearly two weeks by bad weather. It was also intended to capture the incoming Spanish treasure fleet and expel the Spanish from Portugal (ruled by Philip since 1580) in favour of the Prior of Crato. One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the Latin/ Hebrew inscription Flavit Ч™Ч”Ч•Ч” et Dissipati Sunt (literally: ' Yahweh blew and they were scattered' traditionally translated more freely as: ' He blew with His winds, and they were scattered'.)ДЄn English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys was prepared in 1589 to torch the Spanish Atlantic navy, which was refitting in Santander, Corunna, and San SebastiГЎn in northern Spain. One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England. While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France, these efforts brought few tangible rewards. The defeat of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. Philip's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed. They ended up retreating after losing more than half of their original ships. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port. As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked. As they sailed around Scotland, the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather. In the subsequent Battle of Gravelines the English navy inflicted a defeat on the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home. The Spanish ships were bigger and more heavily armed, but the English ships were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable. While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships. The Spanish were forced to withdraw to Calais. As the armada sailed through the English channel, the English navy led by Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, and Francis Drake fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from Plymouth to Portland and then to the Solent, preventing them from securing any English harbours. On, the Armada under the command of Duke of Medina Sidonia set sail for the Netherlands, where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England. Philip II mobilized an armada of 130 ships to sail into the English Channel and decided to attempt to end English sea-raiding for good. ( January 2018)ДЄfter years of picking off and looting by English Sea Dogs, Philip II of Spain decided that he had had enough. Once Elizabeth died in 1603, one year prior to the conclusion of the Anglo-Spanish War, many former Sea Dogs sought employment in the Barbary States, becoming corsairs and attacking European merchant shipping. The issuing of letters of marque was originally done to compensate for the numerical inferiority of the Tudor navy in comparison to its Spanish counterpart as England lacked a standing navy which was powerful enough to challenge the Spanish Navy head on, the Sea Dogs served as a way to attack Spanish ships during times of peace. Carrying letters of marque issued by the English Crown, the Sea Dogs frequently attacked both enemy shipping at sea and enemy outposts on land. The 'Sea Dogs' was an informal name bestowed upon English privateers who were authorised by Queen Elizabeth I to raid England's enemies, even during times of peace.

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